The Interplay Between Physical Fitness, Nutritional Status, and Academic Performance in Physical Education: A Systematic Review

The Interplay Between Physical Fitness, Nutritional Status, and Academic Performance in Physical Education: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Objectives. This review aimed to explore the extent to which physical fitness and nutritional status serve as significant predictors of learning outcomes in physical education (PE) among secondary school students. Given the growing concern about sedentary lifestyles and poor eating habits among teens, understanding these relationships is critical to improving physical and academic performance.

Materials and methods. This study used the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) method to screen and analyse the literature related to assessing various relevant studies in the scope of physical education, physical fitness, and nutritional status through a systematic analysis of appropriate literature. Articles published between 2020 and 2025 were examined to determine how to prepare learners to have better physical fitness. A comprehensive search was conducted using the databases Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed, with keywords including “physical fitness”, “nutritional status”, “academic achievement”, and “physical education” through a literature review.

Results. This review revealed a strong correlation between physical fitness components (cardiovascular endurance, muscle strength, body composition) and PE learning outcomes. Nutritional adequacy, especially sufficient micronutrient intake and a balanced diet, has also been shown to influence cognitive function, motor skill acquisition, and classroom engagement. However, the interaction between fitness and nutrition appeared to be synergistic and context-dependent.

Conclusions. The findings emphasize that physical fitness and nutritional status are not only important for health but also for successful learning in PE. Schools and policymakers should promote integrated programs that support both areassimultaneously. Further longitudinal and experimental research is needed to confirm the causal pathway. Therefore, strategies are required to improve students’ physical fitness and nutritional status to optimize learning and the development of learning outcomes holistically.

Author Biographies

Andi Ihsan, Universitas Negeri Makassar

Department of physical education, health and recreation,

Kampus Banta-Bantaeng Jl. Wijaya Kusuma Raya, Kecamatan Roppocini, Makassar 90222, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

[email protected]

Andi Muhammad Fadlih, Universitas Negeri Makassar

Department of physical education, health and recreation,
Kampus Banta-Bantaeng Jl. Wijaya Kusuma Raya, Kecamatan Roppocini, Makassar 90222, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
[email protected]

Muhammad Qasash Hasyim, Universitas Negeri Makassar

Department of physical education, health and recreation,
Kampus Banta-Bantaeng Jl. Wijaya Kusuma Raya, Kecamatan Roppocini, Makassar 90222, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
[email protected]

Amirzan Amirzan, Universitas Jabal Ghafur

Department of physical education, health and recreation, Teacher Training and Education Faculty,
Jalan Gle Gapui, Sigli 24171, Aceh, Indonesia
[email protected]

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